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Silicon is the second most common element in the Earth’s crust, after oxygen. However, aside from its non-organic use by certain sea sponges and microorganisms, very little silicon is used by Earth’s biology, despite making heavy use of other common elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, iron, magnesium and oxygen. This has presented a long-standing puzzle for scientists: why would nature ignore such an otherwise useful substance?
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Sea ice levels in the Arctic and Antarctic are growing at a record-slow pace this season, according to multiple sources. While this year’s summer low for the northern hemisphere wasn’t as bad as the current record, set in 2012, the autumn rebound is falling well short of both the fall of 2012’s growth rate and the 37-year average. The Antarctic is following suit, with the summer melt shrinking the ice there at a record speeds.
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In late October, Exxon Mobil CEO Rex Tillerson announced that his company is backing the concept of a carbon tax, saying that climate change brings real risks, and serious action is required to mitigate them.

“We have long used a proxy cost of carbon… there’s a range depending on the country, depending on the tax that we think would be appropriate,” Tillerson explained at the Oil & Money conference in London. “We’re trying to influence and inform people and business on the choices they make.”
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While on approach to Toronto’s Billy Bishop Airport in the early morning of November 14, the crew of a Porter Airlines Dash 8-400 turboprop encountered an unknown object that required them to perform evasive maneuvers to avoid colliding with it. At first assumed to be a balloon, the encounter was later blamed on a rogue UAV. However, as details of the incident are uncovered, it seems less likely that the strange object was a conventional aircraft.
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